
               : (1453-1821) - Steven Runciman

          .   ,      1453     ,      ,     ,     .       ,    ,       .            1453        ,      .        .                ;              ,   ,       .            ,     ;     ;

                   .       ;   ,   ;        ,                . ,                  .                         .    ,      1204,      .      ,        (1).         , ,   ,       
      . ,     .          ,          .    ,   ,         ,       5508 ..   .        '   ,     1492,         (2).   ,    ,                  (3).

,       , ,      ,       ,       .  .      1453        ,   '.

  '     -  ,     ,   :     ,         .      ,                .         ,                  '  .       .          ,    ,      .        ܷ       .   ,          . , ,     ,     
      ,  ,     (4).

            .  ,          ,     ,      .       ,                        .   ,                   .       .          .  ,      ,         ,      ,       ,            . 
       ,                         .

  '        .           .        ,    (5).

,        .   ,   ,            ,   1451    -     .            '       ,     .                ,    :            .     . ,                    ,  ,       ,    .           .     ,   
                  (6).

       ,               .                ,             ,           .  ,    ,      -    -               ,           .         ,      .                             ,       .    
     .        ,     .

      .            .   ,    .           ,     .      ,            -   -       .                          .           ,            .             .       
          -         .                 ,        .

              -            ,  ,   ,-         ,      .             ,               .                            ,  ,  ,      ,      ,       .        . ,       
  ,      (7).

         .           ,       ,       .        ,         -          ,          -     .         .               ,     ,              ,            .              ,    , .    
     ,   , .

                    ,        ,               ,         . ,    ,       ,         ,          (8).

              .      ,      .  ,  6  14 54       ,         ,  ,      .      ,  ,        ,       . ,     '      . "" , ,          :   ,  .      .          .

        :           ,       .     ,       ,       - ,    ,   -   .                 . ,             ,        ,    (9).

,         ,            .                  .     ,   , '    ,      ,      .            -               ,      .         ,         ,            .                ,    
   ,    ' ,   ,  . ,       ,      ,      ,     ,      ߷ , ,         ,            (10).

       ,     .             .       ,        .           .     '          ,      .  '  ,       .  ,        ,    .        '                   .                 .     '    ,     
           .         ,          .       ,  ,   ,      ,                       ,             .   .

      ,     ,  (  1566)      ,      .         (11).       ,   .   , ,        ( o rp u l ),      .     ,         .  ,    ,      ,       ,     ,       .   ,           ,       ,           (12).

     .     ,       ,   ,       . ,         ,       .        ,           .         .      ,            .    '            ,       ,             '       :  ,    ,         '  1586.           
      ,  ,     ,          ,   ,    ,     .               19 ,           (13).

          .              ,                    ,                 ,       ,            .           ,    ,      .       ,    ( S o k u l ),     ,         ,          .      (14).

     .         .  , ,       ,        ,       ,       .          .          .   ,    ,   ,  ,                 .           16 ,     1615     1717 .  '     18 ,         .        
,  ,  ,      .        17     .            18    .     17            .       "".   1753    '       ,         ,   ,             ,           ,   ,   .   ,    ,         .                 (15).

      .         ,      ,           ,         ,            .              .   1577,             ,         . ,               .            18  ,                 .           
     (16).

           .       ,       .                      ,             .           ,        -     . ,    ,  ,      ,   ,    ,    ,    ,     ,      .      ,       ,      ,      
 .          ,  ,     ,          ,     :           ,    .           .             ,         .            .             (17).

        .       1465.           ,       ,    ,    2.000          ,                 .     ,     ,     ,         .  , ,  ,      2.000 .          ,                ,   ,  ,           .          ,  
     ,  ,         2.000    (18).     17        3.000        .              ,       . ,            ,        (19).

  , ,              .            .  '     '        -    .   ,  1495  1595,     .   1595   1695      ,       -        .     .   '      1595, ,  1598  1602,   ,   1603   .   '      .     '           .        1726,    '  5.600    
       ,   ,   .   ,            .      ,  .    1695  1795          .   1765            .           (20).

    ,       .   1730      100.769 ,            .      ,       1.500.000  (21).         ,    .          ,     ,                .        ,       .        .   ,     ,         ,            .      
,     ,  .     17           .     (22).

     ,       .  ,           ,    ,     .          - ,              ,  ,      .        ,  ,      ,           ,               .      ,         .           .

     .  , ,  .             ,          , ,      .          ,   ,      ,   .    16            .   ,   ,        ,            .               ,,       ,                .       ,        
   .  '  ,        1578,      .              (23).

             ,        ,   ,           .        1630,             ,       .         ,          ,            ,            .              ,          (24).

   17  ,         ,    ,     -                    -             .            ,   1669  '         ,            . '         ,          .          ,   ,  1673,          (25).

    ,            -              (        )      ,               .         ,      ,      ,       ,    ,               .   24 ,           ,      ,         .  31     .      
1698,      1684,   ,          .  1698  '     :   ,       ,         .      1709 (26).

           . ,      ,                 .          ,              .       ,                 ,      ܷ  '        .         .          ,           . ,    .         ,      
.       ,     ,      ,   ,    ,     ,   .     ,     ,      .         .             ,              (27).

       .         .     ,                   .          .              18  .          ,     .     17      'A      .           . ,  ,     ,        .        .     ,   18  ,          ,
      .                  ,   ,    ,    ,    ,       (28).

          .                         .       ; ,     ,  ,  ,       ,     .      ,  ,     .           ;            ;             ,  ,  ,       .          ,           .  
 1821      -           -    ,   ', .          ,      .  '      (29).

                  .           ,  ,            .   ,       ,      .          , ,     ,          .                   '   .         ,    .           18  ,    '   ,    .     
      :       ' .                    .  ,  ,        .

 

       , .    ,  1994, . 15-33 :  



1. Joseph Gill, The Council of Florence (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1959), . 349-352, 366-368; Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence ( , Cambridge Univ. Press 1968), . 109-111 Joan M.  ussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantin Empire (  : Claredon  ress, 1986), . 283-286.

2. Ihor Sevcenco, Intellectual Repercussions of the Council of Florence, Church History 24 (1955) 291-323,  . 296-300.

3.            :  istory of Mehmed the Conqueror,    Charles T. Riggs (  rinceton: Princeton Univ.Press 1954).

4. Franz Carl Heinrich Babinger, Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit (  : F. Bruckmann, 1953), . 265-269, 449-453 Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1963), . 55-56, 149-152,186-187.

5. Runciman, Great Church, . 167-168.

6. , . 94-95 Historia Politica et Patriarchica Constantinopoleos (  1849), . 78-80.

7. Runciman, Great Church, . 170-172, . .        heodore H. Papadopoulos, Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church and People under Turkish Domination (  1952).

8. Runciman, The Great Church , . 170-172.

9.  istoria Politica et Patriarchica, . 27-28, 80-82 Runciman, The Great Church, . 169-170.

10. .  icolae Iorga, Byzance apr e s Byzance : Continuation de l ' histoire de la vie Byzantine, (:  nstitut d ' Etudes Byzantines, 1935), . 45-56,    .

11. Runciman, The Great Church, . 186-191, .  .

12.            Demetrie Cantemir, The History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire,    .  indal (  1734-1735), . 105.

13. Runciman, The Great Church, . 186-191   ,  :    a     , a       '    /, 36-1884 ( 1890), . 530.

14. Stephan Gerlach, Stephan Gerlachs dess aeltern Tage - buch (  1674), . 88. O Gerlach            ,           .

15. Runciman, The Great Church, . 208-225.

16.            , . Deno Geanakopoulos, Greek Scholars in Venice (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press 1962),    4-6.        , . Martin Juge, Theologia dogmatica Christianorum Orientalium ab Ecclesia Catholica dissidentium,   -  (  : Letouzey et Ane, 1926-1935), . , . 522-524.     , . , . 27.

17. Papadopoulos, . 48-50, 86-89 Iorga, . 72-77.

18. Historia P  litica et Patriarchica , . 39-44,102-115.

19.         , . Dictionnaire de Th e ologie catholique ,   Constantinople ( Eglise de ) Runciman, The Great Church, . 200-202, .  .

20.  Constantinople ( Eglise de ),         Runciman, The Great Church, . 200-202.

21.  apadopoulos, . 132,160.       1821    axime Raybaud,  emoires sur la Grece, pour servir a l'histoire de la guerre de l' independence, accompagnes de plans topographiques (   1824),       . Rabb e, . 80.

22. Runciman, The Great Church, . 195-196, 322-332.

23.   , . Iorga, . 114-121.   Gerlach  o      o     o  'A  ( Gerlach, . 55, 60, 223-225) . Crucius,  urcograeciae, libri octo ( asle 1584), . 509,      ,     Gerlach.

24. Runciman, The Great Church , . 363-366.

25. O .., . 364, .  .

26.         .     lexandre A. C. Strourdza, L ' Europe orientale et le r o le historique de Maurocordato, 1660-1830; Avec un appendice contenant des actes et documents historiques et diplomatiques in e dits (:  lon - ourrit, 1913), . 25-91,      ,   ,    . .  Runciman, The Great Church, . 366-369,  .

27. Runciman, The Great Church, . 371-376.

28. . ., . 392-393.

29.               'A  Robert Walsh, Residence at Constantinople during a Period Including the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Greek and Turkish Revolutions ,   -  (  1836), . , . 299-333.       .

            / : 
                  .  
http://www.apostoliki-diakonia.gr/gr_main/catehism/theologia_zoi/themata.asp?contents=ecclesia_history/contents_texts.asp&main=texts&file=31.htm
